The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement by Lance Hill

The Deacons’ strength was that they were the only southern wide organization created and controlled by the black working class during the civil rights movement. It is no coincidence that it was... Read more »

We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement by Akinyele Omowale Umoja

The notion that the Civil Rights Movement in the Southern United States was a nonviolent movement remains a dominate theme of Civil Rights memory and representation in popular culture. Yet in dozens... Read more »

The Making of Black Revolutionaries by James Forman

Soon after the summer of 1966, the council was disbanded. By this time revolutionary blacks were no longer trying to maintain any façade of unity. The “civil rights” phase of our struggle... Read more »